Technical Articles Of Fm – When you prepare for a communication program or produce digital FMS, the IQ tournament provides a versatile and low energy solution. Examples of design will show how mixed MCU labels are used to collect phase and perform labels/currency classes up table features. The importance of an intelligence index and letters has been shown.
FM is useful due to high PA performance, which is easy to achieve. On the surface of the product, applications can be wireless mic, headphones and helmet radio and handheld 2 -route radio.
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Some digital FM molding systems are a stable phase frequency of King (FSK), GFS and M-Ar Fs. Commercial 2way radio business uses the famous DMR Modelon Standard, narrow band 4 FS, described here.
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There are a lot of classic circuit technology to produce FM, such as VCO or reference capsules, or add a model to PLL in both. Response type is another classic way. The negative part of these methods is that the design is specified for the band for frequency and unique PLL or reaction module. For example, variants in k
In this FM program, the intelligence index works as a 360 degree phase module. Since the step is necessary for frequency, the update phase is occasionally performed.
This system, described in Figure 1, behaved as traditional DDS, where both can be collected and reduced.
The inspection table (Lut) contains both signals and cosin operations, thus producing fixed strength at the exact level. This complex signal is translated by the IQ tournament, to become the middle LO frequency. High Modelon accuracy LI, IQ units such as LTC 5599 and LTC 5589 require different basic bands, which are easy to offer in the required V with LTC 6362.
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= 1.4v. DAC structural filters are necessary to reduce DAC naval images due to display. By choosing inactive LC filter technology, we can possibly reduce the channel’s outfit.
The basic DDS setting equation can be applied to this request. Note that we are the formation of a positive or negative δf, which represents a quick frequency of anomalies:
Many sqm applications are usually fairly low, for example 5.5 kg for NBFM systems, needed
The aforementioned DDS is similar to equality. In many cases, the whole process of the corner type will be practical for the mixed mark of MCU, which interferes with it
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The ratio is important that when a phase collector register over or underfloor, as well as the phase package is stable and smooth to turn the phase. It makes FM possible, along with DC.
For sound, FM sends usually goals that prevent FM from spreading and spraying into the adjacent channel. A well -designed system will use a soft range, when this happens, you can minimize the hearing.
If the recipients did not have a high level of sound, white noise would be repaired in the recipient’s production. Sends of this use the senders usually sound in advance at high frequency for pure overall flat response to the sound passport chat.
Since the IQ tournament works mainly as the accuracy of phase exchanges, two basic ways to enforce pre -type:
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What method has been selected, excess less bypass and high -pass sound filtration is necessary for frequency outside the relevant pass.
Fir the filter in the bandpass setting has the advantage of eliminating the DC frequency errors that go otherwise through ADC in the form of DC offset. This is a good option if the frequency of the center stability is needed.
LO leaks FM base band causes the turning of the vector to be the website -Off center, manufactures AM and high -speed products related to both deviations and types. In general, there are two two methods of LO leaks: The tournament was made by IC and revolves around IC. Overall, the effect of the coat should be such that the latter is less than the former.
Picture port is the role of imbalances in Jaction Y Chowkor dimensions and imbalances in square phases. The division of both will reduce the vector’s rotation into oval, which also produces high -speed products related to both deviations and frequencies.
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IQ -Models such as LTC5589/99 provide the eradication of both lo -leaks and rejection of images. The best result, adapt these files to the lowest FM disorder and protect the values in unstable memory. The results of the subsequent test show how much improvement this method is usually included.
Order and more. A slight decrease in performance RF can be a huge reduction in the rapid level and vice versa.
To reduce the level -for a total of 2, 048 sign entries, as well as 2, 048 KOSEN entries, all 11 are delivering bits for Lut entries. Each entry is 8 pieces wide, which is similar to each DAC’s resolution. With the appropriate scaling and round to match the DAC input range, using liquid dots triga features, in electric -Up, Lut only starts once. Once again, it is easily in the ability of a mixed mark MCU.
In this example, the 11 -bit collection of ADC and 8 -bit input from the FIR filter, 3 pieces tall, is the 11 -bit input. Three bits are less than acceptable. For all input transfers is the maximum phase change -128 / (2
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Cycle, or -22.5 degrees. Regular phase transfer will be very small. Keep the maximum phase change relatively smallest, to keep the intelligence index permanently, not shorter in the ring, to keep the power ring.
To speed up the construction, filters were rebuilding the basic band analysis and DAC from similar projects used for the project, which already contains online documents.
Order, << 0.5DB past with bands, but Nyquist gives at least 35db attention to the frequency, 190kHz and more.
Previous results of system examinations, design examples for NBFM, as shown below. Demo Board IQ Modulator Factory has LTC 5599, with all files in the default condition, except the use of the Polyes Center Frequency Files, which has been set for LO frequency, 439.44 MHz.
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Vector Signal Analyst (VSA) is an ideal device for testing Modelon. For this test, VSA is used to remove the intelligence index, as shown in Figure 2. VSA is in Demodulation Mode, immediately shows FM in connection with time, or Demodulated FM Woofarm FFT.
Chatra 3 and Chitra 4 describe possible letters with design. In both data, ADC is kept at the peak of the input stop and we monitor that the depth of the production model is also permanent.
Chitra 5 and Chitra 6 make it clear how FFT production is necessary to display defective products, the counterparty registers both before and after minimizing the defects. As mentioned before, a slight reduction in the dimension of the base band will reduce high -speed products. Many basic programs are not necessary, adaptation files are not necessary.
Chitra 7 shows that the frequency error is now about 96 dangers. This is due to DC offset error in the ADC production. In the design of this example, supports in 1 LSB δf = 196 KHz / 2
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= 95.7 Hz. You can eliminate offset by adding a response to a filter. This same number also shows the overall remnants of FM almost. Due to 3 Herg RMS, ie. Lab -level label generator for LO. The odd PLL solution on board will be shown. An increased number of noise in this picture shows at random and it is estimated that ADC offset is slightly higher than 1 LSB, but less than 2 LSB.
Chitra shows 8 RF production power and spectrum. RF production power is almost that. +0.6dbm. In this case, approximately 70dBC, the average is used to show the level of the DAC film. Further decrease with a little increase is easily achieved
Chitra 3. Triangle is used to explain graphical linearly. FM ratio = 400 strokes. Deviation = ± 5.3kHz.
Chatra 5. FFT of 1 kg of icon wave by VSA FM Demodulation. Deviation = 5.3 kg. FFT has shown noise and distorted products that are heard in the NBFM voice program. IQ Modular Gain, Lo Rasool and IR Register Factory are at the default values.
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Chatra 6. After VSA FM Demodulation, the same signal was the same signal as after setting the tournament Lou leaks and files. This band Sound Asperis decreases ~ 15db.
Chitra 7 remaining FM noise is measured on the module production using vsafm demodulation. Almost displayed. 96 Hz frequency change due to ADC DC offset.
Chitra 8. RF production spectrum from IQ tournaments. Tracking average = 10 DAC image image helps to show the level of the scattered, which is about 190 kg of process against.
FM applications for low -force module can precision FM Modelon. For lower bandwidth applications such as audio, MCU can be used to calculate the FM Base Band Vector. DC offset and image press IQ module allowing adaptation for maximum performance.
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Peters (Peter) Stroke got MS. In 1994, he received a degree in electrical engineering from the Netherlands, the University of twenty, and then followed the two -year designer program at the same university. He joined Phil … This is a reprint of an article through the same title published in the journal “Broadcast Engineering” in December 1963. Volume 5, no. 12.
